Landscape Architecture Competitions: The Long Game of Designing the Living Ground (Updated April 2026)
This is the UNI editorial home for landscape architecture — the discipline of designing parks, gardens, waterfronts, memorials, plazas, ecological restorations, and the entire ground-level environment humans share with the living world. It is the tradition of Frederick Law Olmsted's Central Park, André Le Nôtre's Versailles, Capability Brown's English country parks, Roberto Burle Marx's Copacabana, Ian McHarg's Design with Nature, James Corner's High Line, Kate Orff's Living Breakwaters, and Kongjian Yu's sponge cities. It is the only design discipline whose work gets more beautiful, more valuable, and more necessary over 100 years.
This section curates competitions where landscape is the primary design problem — not a leftover between buildings, not decoration, not a background for architecture, but the subject itself. Competitions in this category ask entrants to think in centuries, watersheds, seasons, and living systems. They are the briefs where ecological literacy, planting design, water management, and the patience of working with living material become as important as form and plan.
What Is Landscape Architecture?
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor environments at every scale — from a 50 m² courtyard garden to a 2,500 hectare regional ecological restoration. It is the only design discipline that operates with living materials as structural elements, the only one where time is a primary design variable, and one of the few where a project completed today may not reach its intended form for 30, 50, or 100 years. The discipline covers:
- Public parks from pocket scale to metropolitan. Central Park (843 acres) is the origin point; Brooklyn Bridge Park, Millennium Park Chicago, Parc de la Villette, and Freshkills Park are the contemporary evolution.
- Urban plazas and hardscapes — the intersection between landscape architecture and public space design.
- Waterfronts and rivers — some of the most transformative contemporary projects sit here. Cheonggyecheon in Seoul demolished an elevated expressway to restore a buried urban stream. Copacabana remains one of the most photographed urban waterfronts ever designed.
- Ecological restoration — wetland restoration, post-industrial reclamation, brownfield remediation. Freshkills Park (Field Operations) is a 2,200-acre landfill being reborn as a park over three decades.
- Memorial landscapes — the 9/11 Memorial (Peter Walker), Diana Princess of Wales Memorial (Kathryn Gustafson), Vietnam Veterans Memorial (Maya Lin), and the long tradition of grief in landscape form.
- Infrastructure landscapes — highway corridors, stormwater swales, sponge-city districts, coastal resilience works. Kate Orff's Living Breakwaters on Staten Island are canonical examples.
- Therapeutic and healing gardens — hospital gardens, dementia gardens, palliative care landscapes. Evidence-based design for health outcomes.
- Rooftop gardens and green roofs — the urban response to heat islands and stormwater overload.
- Botanical gardens and arboreta — collections, research, and public display of plant life.
- Cemeteries — the sacred landscape typology, from Père Lachaise to Mount Auburn to contemporary natural burial grounds.
- Agricultural and productive landscapes — food forests, agroforestry, edible urbanism, vineyard design.
- Indigenous landscape practices — land sovereignty, traditional ecological knowledge, decolonizing landscape design.
Why Landscape Architecture Matters More Than Ever
Landscape architecture is experiencing its most consequential moment in over a century. Five converging forces have moved it from a supporting discipline to a central one:
- Climate adaptation lives in the landscape. Heat islands, stormwater flooding, sea-level rise, wildfire resilience — all of these are landscape-scale problems solved with landscape-scale design. The architecture of buildings cannot solve them. The architecture of ecosystems can.
- Urban ecology is a public health issue. Access to green space correlates with lower obesity, better mental health, reduced cardiovascular disease, and longer life expectancy. The distribution of trees, parks, and green corridors is a social equity problem as much as an ecological one.
- Carbon sequestration happens in plants and soil. Buildings can be carbon-neutral; only landscapes can be carbon-negative. Forests, wetlands, and well-managed soils remove carbon from the atmosphere and lock it into living matter.
- Biodiversity collapse demands spatial solutions. The sixth mass extinction is not solved in laboratories — it is solved in pollinator corridors, rewilded floodplains, restored wetlands, and the design of cities that accommodate non-human life.
- Time is the landscape architect's secret weapon. A building reaches its peak the day it opens. A landscape reaches its peak 50 years later, when the trees mature and the soil biology stabilizes. In a discipline culture obsessed with instant results, landscape architects think in decades — and their work benefits from it.
The Canon: Founding Figures of Landscape Architecture
- André Le Nôtre (1613-1700) — the gardens of Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte. Le Nôtre established the formal geometry of the absolute monarchy landscape — axes, parterres, canals, and hedges as the expression of royal power over nature. Every subsequent formal landscape is in dialogue with him.
- Lancelot "Capability" Brown (1716-1783) — the English picturesque tradition. Brown reshaped more than 170 English country estates into rolling, serpentine, apparently "natural" landscapes that were in fact entirely designed and constructed. His work established the idea that a landscape could look wild while being meticulously composed.
- Humphry Repton (1752-1818) — the picturesque theorist. Repton's Red Books — before-and-after watercolour presentations for clients — are the ancestor of every contemporary landscape rendering.
- Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903) — the father of American landscape architecture. Central Park (with Calvert Vaux, 1858) was the first public park designed in America as a civic right rather than a royal privilege. His Emerald Necklace in Boston, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, and the Biltmore Estate in North Carolina defined the American landscape tradition. Olmsted's bicentennial in 2022 re-established him as the foundational figure for contemporary public landscape design.
- Roberto Burle Marx (1909-1994) — the modernist landscape master of the tropics. His Copacabana Promenade in Rio de Janeiro, Parque do Flamengo, and the gardens of his own Sítio Roberto Burle Marx rewrote modernist landscape thinking for non-European climates. His use of native Brazilian plants, bold organic forms, and collaboration with architects like Oscar Niemeyer made him the most influential modernist landscape architect of the 20th century.
- Thomas Church (1902-1978) — California modernist landscape. His book Gardens Are for People (1955) and his work defined postwar residential landscape in the western United States.
- Lawrence Halprin (1916-2009) — movement, water, and the public sequence. Halprin's Freeway Park in Seattle, the FDR Memorial in Washington, and his "Motation" choreographic scoring system for public space made him the 20th century's most innovative landscape thinker about how people move through designed space.
- Ian McHarg (1920-2001) — the ecological turn. McHarg's 1969 book Design with Nature inserted ecology into landscape architecture permanently. His layered suitability mapping method became the foundation of contemporary GIS-based landscape planning.
- Kathryn Gustafson — contemporary master of the narrative landscape. Her Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain in London and Lurie Garden in Chicago are canonical projects.
- James Corner and Field Operations — the High Line (2009, with Diller Scofidio + Renfro and Piet Oudolf) redefined what a post-industrial landscape could be. Freshkills Park is the firm's long-running masterpiece.
- Michael Van Valkenburgh (MVVA) — Brooklyn Bridge Park, Teardrop Park, and the American continuation of the Olmsted tradition at metropolitan scale.
- Piet Oudolf — the Dutch planting designer who brought naturalistic perennial planting to the center of contemporary landscape architecture. His work on the High Line, Lurie Garden Chicago, and Hauser & Wirth Somerset made him the most influential planting designer alive.
- Kongjian Yu and Turenscape — the inventor of the sponge city concept. His Chinese projects (Houtan Park Shanghai, Minghu Wetland Park, Qunli Stormwater Wetland Park) proved that nature-based flood management and urban ecology can be deployed at city scale. Yu won the prestigious Oberlander Prize in 2023, the field's highest international honor.
- Kate Orff and SCAPE — Living Breakwaters on Staten Island, Oyster-tecture, and the climate-first landscape practice. Orff was the first landscape architect awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.
- Gilles Clément — French theorist of the "Garden in Motion" and the "Third Landscape." His ideas about wild, unmanaged landscapes as design territory have influenced a generation of ecological designers.
- Latz + Partner — Landscape Park Duisburg-Nord, a former steelworks reclaimed as public park. The canonical European post-industrial reclamation project.
- West 8 (Adriaan Geuze) — Schouwburgplein Rotterdam, Schiphol Airport landscape, and other contemporary Dutch landscape-urbanism work.
- Martha Schwartz — the postmodern enfant terrible of landscape architecture, whose Bagel Garden (1979) and subsequent work made landscape architecture debate its own legitimacy.
A Brief History of Landscape Architecture
- Formal gardens and the geometry of power (1600s-1700s): Le Nôtre at Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte. Italian Renaissance gardens, Islamic paradise gardens, Japanese dry gardens. Landscape as expression of cosmological and political order.
- The picturesque revolution (1700s-1800s): Capability Brown and Humphry Repton. The English landscape garden as an alternative to French formalism. Romantic nature.
- Olmsted and the democratic park (1850s-1900s): Central Park, Prospect Park, Emerald Necklace. The birth of public landscape as a civic right.
- The Arts and Crafts garden (1890s-1920s): Gertrude Jekyll, Edwin Lutyens. The horticultural tradition meets architectural discipline.
- The modernist landscape (1930s-1970s): Thomas Church, Garrett Eckbo, James Rose, Dan Kiley, Lawrence Halprin, Roberto Burle Marx. Modernist principles applied to outdoor space.
- The ecological turn (1969-1990s): Ian McHarg's Design with Nature inserted ecology into the discipline permanently. GIS-based landscape planning becomes standard.
- Landscape urbanism (1990s-2010s): Charles Waldheim, James Corner, Bernard Tschumi (Parc de la Villette). The argument that landscape, not architecture, is the primary medium of urbanism in contemporary cities.
- The High Line effect (2009-present): post-industrial adaptive reuse as the dominant park typology. Every city wanted its own High Line after 2009.
- The climate era (2010s-present): sponge cities, coastal resilience, rewilding, green-blue infrastructure. Landscape architecture as climate adaptation infrastructure.
Contemporary Movements Reshaping the Ground
Landscape Urbanism
A theoretical framework developed by Charles Waldheim, James Corner, and others in the late 1990s arguing that landscape — not architecture — is the primary medium through which contemporary cities are organized. The argument is that traditional urbanism (streets, squares, buildings) no longer adequately describes how cities work in the age of sprawl, infrastructure, and ecological crisis. The High Line, Freshkills Park, and Parc de la Villette are the canonical built examples.
The Sponge City
Kongjian Yu and his firm Turenscape invented the sponge city concept, which treats urban flood management as a landscape design problem rather than a civil engineering one. Instead of channeling stormwater into pipes, sponge city design absorbs it into wetlands, bioswales, permeable pavements, and vegetated depressions. Houtan Park in Shanghai (2010) demonstrated the concept at scale, using a constructed wetland to clean contaminated river water before it entered the park. The Chinese government adopted sponge city policy in 2013, making Yu's ideas national infrastructure doctrine. Yu won the Oberlander Prize in 2023 — the field's highest international honor.
Post-Industrial Reclamation
The transformation of abandoned industrial sites into public landscapes is one of the defining movements of contemporary landscape architecture. Canonical projects include Landscape Park Duisburg-Nord (Latz + Partner, 1991) — a former German steelworks reclaimed as park with the industrial infrastructure left intact; The High Line (James Corner / Field Operations, 2009) — a disused elevated railway in Manhattan; Freshkills Park (Field Operations, ongoing) — a 2,200-acre landfill being transformed into New York's largest new park over three decades; and Gas Works Park in Seattle (Richard Haag, 1975) — an early precursor that preserved gasification towers as sculptural objects.
Coastal Resilience and Oyster-tecture
Kate Orff and her firm SCAPE developed the concept of oyster-tecture — using living oyster reefs as climate infrastructure for coastal protection. Her Living Breakwaters project on Staten Island, developed after Hurricane Sandy, constructed a chain of offshore breakwaters seeded with oysters to dissipate wave energy, rebuild marine biodiversity, and protect the shoreline. The project won the MoMA Rising Currents exhibition and became a template for contemporary coastal resilience design globally. Orff was the first landscape architect to receive a MacArthur Fellowship.
Rewilding and the Third Landscape
Gilles Clément's concepts of the "Garden in Motion" (planting that evolves unmanaged over time) and the "Third Landscape" (the overlooked residual spaces where wild nature reasserts itself) have influenced a generation of ecological designers. Rewilding — letting ecosystems return to self-regulating states — is the most ambitious contemporary expression of this thinking at landscape scale.
Green-Blue Infrastructure
The integration of stormwater management, ecological habitat, and public space into a single designed system. Rain gardens, bioswales, permeable pavers, green roofs, and vegetated detention basins are all elements of green-blue infrastructure. The principle is that every drop of rain should be treated as a design asset rather than a waste product to be shipped away.
Naturalistic Planting Design
Piet Oudolf's New Perennial Movement transformed contemporary planting design. Instead of formal bedding schemes or structural evergreen hedges, Oudolf's approach uses drifts of perennials and grasses selected for their long-season structure — including their winter skeletons. The High Line, Lurie Garden Chicago, and Hauser & Wirth Somerset are the canonical built examples. Oudolf's influence has spread to residential, public, and even corporate landscapes worldwide, redefining what "planting" means in contemporary practice.
Types of Landscape Architecture Projects
Landscape architecture is not a single typology. Strong competition entries typically commit clearly to one of these:
- Public parks at every scale — pocket, neighborhood, district, and metropolitan. The Olmsted lineage.
- Waterfront and riverfront revitalization — Cheonggyecheon Seoul, Copacabana, Brooklyn Bridge Park.
- Ecological restoration and wetland parks — Houtan Park, Freshkills, Minghu Wetland.
- Post-industrial reclamation — Landscape Park Duisburg-Nord, High Line, Gas Works Park.
- Memorial landscapes — 9/11 Memorial, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Diana Memorial Fountain.
- Therapeutic and healing gardens — hospital gardens, dementia gardens, palliative care landscapes.
- Rooftop gardens and green roofs — urban agriculture, heat island mitigation, stormwater management.
- Stormwater and green-blue infrastructure — rain gardens, bioswales, constructed wetlands.
- Infrastructure landscapes — highway corridors, levees, flood barriers, coastal breakwaters.
- Sacred and cemetery landscapes — contemplative outdoor space for grief and memory.
- Productive and agricultural landscapes — food forests, vineyards, agroforestry, edible urbanism.
- Botanical gardens and arboreta — scientific collection and public display.
- Indigenous landscape practices — land sovereignty, traditional ecological knowledge, decolonizing design.
How to Prepare a Strong Landscape Architecture Competition Entry
- Think in decades, not days. Landscape architecture is the only design discipline where the project peaks 30-50 years after completion. Show how your design evolves over time. Include a "year one" drawing and a "year fifty" drawing.
- Take the site's ecology seriously. Know the soils, hydrology, sun exposure, existing vegetation, and wildlife. Ecological literacy is a primary evaluation criterion in landscape competitions, not a nice-to-have.
- Cite the canon. If your project draws from Olmsted, Burle Marx, McHarg, Halprin, Oudolf, or Yu, name them. Juries reward intellectual grounding.
- Include a planting strategy. Landscape without planting design is landscape without content. Show the species list, the seasonal structure, and the successional vision.
- Draw in section and in the planting diagram. Plans alone cannot show a landscape. Sections reveal topography, drainage, and spatial rhythm. Planting diagrams reveal design intent.
- Engage climate resilience directly. Heat, flooding, drought, storm, sea-level rise — address them explicitly in your design argument. Landscape is where climate adaptation lives.
- Respect the ecological versus formal balance. Landscape architecture has always lived between wild and designed. Strong entries know which mode they are operating in and commit clearly.
- Photograph (or render) the experience. Landscape is experienced with the whole body — light, sound, temperature, scent, texture underfoot. Your presentation should evoke the physical experience of being in the space, not just the top-down geometry.
April 2026 Platform Snapshot
- Several briefs currently curated in the Typology: Landscape section
- 57 competitions currently open across all themes on the platform
- 767 total competitions hosted on UNI since 2017
- 7243 total entries submitted across all competitions
- 896 jurors have evaluated work on the platform
- 270K+ architects and designers in the global UNI community
- 68 disciplines including landscape architecture, urban design, ecology, and environmental planning
Frequently Asked Questions About Landscape Architecture
What is landscape architecture?
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor environments — parks, gardens, waterfronts, plazas, ecological restorations, memorials, and infrastructure landscapes. It operates at scales from a 50 m² courtyard garden to a 2,500 hectare regional restoration, uses living materials as structural elements, and treats time as a primary design variable. It is the only design discipline whose work gets more beautiful over 100 years.
What is the difference between landscape architecture and landscape design?
Landscape architecture is a licensed profession in most jurisdictions, requiring a Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA) degree and typically state licensure. Landscape architects work at all scales, including public infrastructure, ecological planning, and complex civic projects. Landscape design typically refers to smaller-scale residential and garden work and does not require licensure. The distinction matters legally and professionally: landscape architects stamp drawings for construction permits at the same legal weight as registered architects.
Who is considered the father of landscape architecture?
Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903) is universally considered the father of American landscape architecture. His Central Park (with Calvert Vaux, 1858) was the first large public park designed in America as a civic right. His subsequent work — Prospect Park Brooklyn, the Emerald Necklace of Boston, Stanford campus, Biltmore Estate — established landscape architecture as a legitimate profession. The term "landscape architect" was coined by Olmsted himself. André Le Nôtre (Versailles, 1660s) is sometimes cited as the European ancestor of the profession.
What is landscape urbanism?
Landscape urbanism is a theoretical framework developed in the late 1990s by Charles Waldheim, James Corner, and others arguing that landscape — not architecture — is the primary medium through which contemporary cities are organized. The argument is that traditional urbanism (streets, squares, buildings) no longer adequately describes cities in the era of sprawl, infrastructure, and ecological crisis. The High Line, Freshkills Park, and Parc de la Villette are canonical built examples.
What is a sponge city?
A sponge city is an urban stormwater management approach developed by Chinese landscape architect Kongjian Yu and his firm Turenscape. Instead of channeling rainwater into underground pipes, sponge city design absorbs it into constructed wetlands, bioswales, permeable pavements, rain gardens, and vegetated depressions — treating every drop of rain as a design asset rather than waste. The Chinese government adopted sponge city policy in 2013 following Yu's successful demonstrations at Houtan Park Shanghai and elsewhere. Yu won the Oberlander Prize in 2023 for the concept.
Who designed the High Line?
The High Line was designed by James Corner Field Operations (landscape), Diller Scofidio + Renfro (architecture), with planting design by Piet Oudolf. The first section opened in June 2009, and the project has become the most influential post-industrial park of the 21st century — inspiring elevated park projects in Seoul, Chicago, Singapore, Sydney, and dozens of other cities.
What was Ian McHarg's contribution to landscape architecture?
Ian McHarg's 1969 book Design with Nature inserted ecology into landscape architecture permanently. McHarg developed a layered suitability-mapping method that analyzed land for soils, hydrology, vegetation, wildlife, and human factors separately, then overlaid them to determine appropriate uses. This method became the foundation of contemporary GIS-based landscape planning. McHarg's legacy is visible in every ecological analysis done by a landscape architect today.
What is the Oberlander Prize?
The Cornelia Hahn Oberlander International Landscape Architecture Prize is the highest international honor in landscape architecture, awarded biennially by The Cultural Landscape Foundation. It is landscape architecture's closest equivalent to the Pritzker Prize for architecture. Kongjian Yu won the inaugural 2021 prize and Michael Van Valkenburgh won in 2024 (sometimes cited with slight variations in year). The prize includes a substantial monetary award and has rapidly become the field's most prestigious international honor.
Can architecture students enter landscape competitions?
Yes. Most landscape architecture competitions on UNI are open to architecture students, landscape architecture students (MLA programs), urban designers, and cross-disciplinary teams. Many briefs welcome collaborations between architects and landscape architects. A UNI Membership unlocks unlimited entries across every landscape and allied-discipline brief on the platform.
What is Piet Oudolf known for?
Piet Oudolf is a Dutch planting designer who led the New Perennial Movement in contemporary landscape architecture. His approach uses drifts of perennials and grasses selected for their long-season structure — including winter skeletons as part of the design. His work on the High Line (New York), Lurie Garden (Chicago), and Hauser & Wirth Somerset made naturalistic planting the dominant aesthetic in contemporary public landscape design. He is arguably the most influential planting designer alive.
Recommended Reading for Landscape Architects
Start your library with: Ian McHarg Design with Nature; Charles Waldheim Landscape as Urbanism; James Corner The Landscape Imagination; Anne Whiston Spirn The Granite Garden; Witold Rybczynski A Clearing in the Distance (Olmsted biography); Gilles Clément Manifesto of the Third Landscape; Piet Oudolf and Henk Gerritsen Planting the Natural Garden; Kongjian Yu's Turenscape publications; Kate Orff Toward an Urban Ecology; and the Oberlander Prize laureate monographs. For historical foundation, read Olmsted's own writings collected in Civilizing American Cities. For technical grounding, the ASLA Practice Hub and the Landscape Architecture Foundation's Landscape Performance Series.
Explore More on UNI
Beyond landscape architecture, browse all ongoing competitions, see what's trending, preview upcoming launches, or study the past competitions archive. Related sections include public space and urban design (for plazas, streets, and civic realm), agricultural and food-related design (for productive landscapes), Architecting for a Type 1 Civilization (for planetary-scale landscape thinking), and free architecture competitions. Want unlimited access to every landscape brief on the platform? Explore UNI Membership.
