3dpod Pavilion by Obayashi: Japan’s First 3D-Printed, Earthquake-Resistant Building

Located in Kiyose, Tokyo, the 3dpod Pavilion is a groundbreaking architectural achievement by Obayashi, one of Japan’s largest and most historic general contractors, founded in 1892. Completed in 2023, this innovative 3D-printed structure is the first in Japan to receive both ministerial certification and a building permit for a habitable, earthquake-resistant building. Serving as a public demonstration facility, 3dpod evaluates the structural integrity, durability, and environmental performance of 3D-printed architecture while showcasing the future potential of digital construction.

Innovative Architectural 3D Printing in Earthquake-Prone Japan

Architectural 3D printing is particularly challenging in Japan due to stringent earthquake regulations and safety requirements. Traditionally limited to civil engineering projects and small non-habitable structures, 3dpod pioneers a method that meets strict local standards without relying on conventional steel reinforcement. The pavilion’s pod-like form maximizes interior space while minimizing material usage, demonstrating efficiency and sustainability in design.

SLIM-Crete®: Reinventing Structural Materials

The pavilion is constructed using SLIM-Crete®, a high-strength, steel-fiber-reinforced concrete. This special mortar acts simultaneously as the internal and external finish as well as the load-bearing framework, eliminating the need for conventional steel bars or frames. This method preserves the aesthetic flexibility of 3D printing, allowing for unique textures and forms that retain a warm, tactile quality reminiscent of traditional craftsmanship.

Multi-Layered, Integrated Wall Systems

3dpod’s walls combine load-bearing structure with cavities for insulation, equipment routing, and radiant heating/cooling systems, providing the comfort and habitability of a conventional building. The integrated design accelerates construction, allowing multiple tasks to be executed simultaneously. The slab incorporates strengthening ribs along principal stress lines, combining material efficiency with spatial elegance, a feat difficult to achieve with traditional methods.

Robotic On-Site Fabrication and Precast Elements

The 3dpod was fabricated using a robotic on-site printer, directly applying mortar formwork onto the foundation. Roof slabs were printed off-site as precast elements and capped with SLIM-Crete® to form a durable shell structure. A rooftop 3D printer completed the parapet of the walkable deck, demonstrating the feasibility of multi-storied 3D-printed structures.

Sustainability, Efficiency, and the Future of Construction

3dpod highlights the potential of digital fabrication to reduce labor demand, shorten construction timelines, and minimize CO₂ emissions by reducing material transportation. Obayashi aims to continue advancing 3D printing in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) to address the shortage of skilled workers, enable construction in remote locations, diversify building materials, and foster localized, sustainable building processes.

All Photographs are works of Satoshi Shigeta